A. Study this example situation:
Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was
shining but the ground was very wet.
It had
been raining.
It was
not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. But it had
been raining before. That's why the ground was wet.
Had been
~ing is the past perfect continuous:
I/we/you/they had(= I'd etc.) been doing/working/playing etc.
he/she/it had (= he'd etc.) been doing/working/playing etc.
Some
more examples:
* When
the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy
and one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting.
* I was
very tired when I arrived home. I'd been working hard all day.
B. You
can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something
else happened:
* Our
game of tennis was interrupted. We'd been playing for about half an hour when
it started to rain very heavily.
* Ken
gave up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years.
C. Had
been ~ing (past Perfect continuous) is the past of have been ~ing (present perfect
continuous). Compare:
present perfect continuous
* I hope
the bus comes soon. I've been waiting for 20 minutes. (before now)
* He's
out of breath. He has been running.
past
perfect continuous
* At
last the bus came. I'd been waiting for 20 minutes. (before the bus came)
* He was
out of breath. He had been running.
D.
Compare had been doing and was doing (past continuous):
* It
wasn't raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining,
so the ground was wet.
* Ann
was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because she'd
been working very hard.
E.
Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the
continuous:
* We
were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not 'had been knowing')
For a
list of these verbs, see Unit 4A.
EXERCISES
16.1
Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.
1. I was
very tired when I arrived home.
(I/work/hard all day)
I had
been working hard all day.
2. The
two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very
tired.
(they/play/football)
3. There
was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.
(somebody/smoke/in the room)
4. Ann
woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn't know where
she was.
(she/dream)
5. When
I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(he/watch/TV)
16.2
Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. We
played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to
rain.
We had
been playing for half an hour when it started to rain.
2. I had
arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20
minutes I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant.
I ---
for 20 minutes when I ---
3. Sarah
got a job in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down.
At the
time the factory ---, Sarah --- there for five years.
4. I
went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten
minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting.
The
orchestra --- when ---
5. This
time make your own sentence:
I began
walking along the road. I --- when ---
16.3 Put
the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past
perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing).
1. It
was very noisy next door. Our neighbours were having (have) a party.
2. We
were good friends. We had known (know) each other for a long time.
3. John
and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he ---
(walk) so fast.
4. Mary
was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She --- (run)
5. When
I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They
--- (eat).
6. When
I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were
empty but their stomachs were full. They --- (eat).
7. Jim
was on his hands and knees on the floor. He --- (look) for his contact lens.
8. When
I arrived, Kate --- (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was
late and she --- (wait) for a very long time.
9. I was
sad when I sold my car. I --- (have) it for a very long time.
10. We
were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We --- (travel) for more than
24 hours.
Answers
16.1
2 They
had been playing football./They'd been playing ...
3
Somebody had been smoking in the room.
4 She
had been dreaming./She'd been dreaming.
5 He had
been watching TV./He'd been watching.
16.2
2 I had
been waiting for 20 minutes when I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong
restaurant.
3 At the
time the factory closed down, Sarah had been working there for five years.
4 The
orchestra had been playing for about ten minutes when a ma in the audience
suddenly began shouting
5
Example answer:
I had
been walking along the road for about ten minutes when a car suddenly stopped
just behind me.
16.3
3 was
walking
4 had/'d
been running
5 were
eating
6 had
been eating (had eaten is also possible)
7 was
looking
8 was
waiting ... had been waiting/'d been waiting
9 had
had/'d had
10
had/'d been travelling